Neurodevelopmental & Behavioral Challenges in Children and Teens
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a brain-based condition involving persistent inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity—far beyond typical developmental behavior. It begins in childhood and often continues into adulthood. Common signs include distractibility, difficulty organizing tasks, restlessness, impulsivity, and trouble sitting still. Treatment typically includes behavioral therapy, parent guidance, and medications such as stimulants, which can significantly improve symptoms and daily functioning (Polanczyk et al., 2023).
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Depression in Children and Teens
Depression is more than sadness—it manifests in persistent low mood, trouble concentrating, insomnia, and feelings of guilt or rejection. Globally, about 33% of youth experience depressive symptoms, making it a leading cause of disability among children (Mei & Wang, 2024). Symptoms often include social withdrawal, changes in appetite, and diminished interest in favorite activities.
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Bullying
Bullying—repeated aggressive behavior where there’s a power imbalance—can seriously damage mental health. Victims often develop anxiety, depression, and even PTSD symptoms (Källmén & Hallgren, 2021; Gaffney et al., 2023). A meta-analysis found bullied youth are up to 2.77 times more likely to experience depression versus non-bullied peers (Gaffney et al., 2023).
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Chemical Dependency in Youth
When children or teens use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs, it can impair healthy growth and brain development. Early substance use is linked to long-term dependency and cognitive problems (Nawi et al., 2021; Nagata et al., 2023). Such use disrupts development during critical periods and raises the risk of lifelong mental and health issues.
Learn more about Substance Use in Adolescents
References
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Mei, F., & Wang, Z. (2024). Trends in mental health: A review. Annals of General Psychiatry, 23, Article 36.
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Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M., & Farrington, D. (2023). Meta-analysis of bullying and depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 4681.
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Nawi, A. M., Ibrahim, R., Hassan, M. R., et al. (2021). Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents. BMC Public Health, 21, 2088.
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Polanczyk, G. V., et al. (2023). Global prevalence of ADHD. BMC Psychiatry.